Dangerous Minds: The Mental Illnesses of Infamous Criminals. Search For Schools. She was also diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Jeffrey Dahmer, also known as the “Milwaukee Cannibal,” killed seventeen boys and men between 1978 and 1991. He also struggled with heavy alcohol abuse.
In the scientific study of crime, investigators have long noted enormous variety among criminals and criminal acts in complex societies. One of the first observers to address this diversity was (1835 –1909). He claimed that about one-third of all offenders were born criminals, that is, throwbacks to a more primitive human; more than half were criminaloids, people who were neither biologically nor psychologically abnormal; and the remainder were insane. Although this scheme —and in particular the notion of born criminals —has few advocates today, criminologists have argued that more accurate typologies would facilitate causal analysis.
Investigators have sought explanations of criminal behavior by sorting different forms of criminality into homogeneous types because they have been skeptical that a single theory can account for the entire array of crimes or criminals. For example, the criminality of some offenders may be due mainly to psychological problems, whereas other lawbreakers may be responding principally to economic pressures. Although different types of criminal activity may share some causal factors, the weighting of these and other influences would probably differ from one offender type to another.Typologies may also facilitate crime prevention or correctional efforts, whose success depends on accurately identifying and addressing the specific problems underlying different kinds of lawbreaking behavior (Gibbons, 1965).
This argument is similar to a medical one, in which it is assumed that the probability of successful prevention or treatment at certain physical illnesses is greatly enhanced when corrective efforts are tailored to a precise diagnosis of the ailment being attacked. Crime-centered versus person-centered typologiesCriminologists have developed both crime-centered and person-centered typologies. The former sort out criminal activities into homogeneous groupings, such as residential burglary, car clouting, and forcible rape. Criminologists base such types on offender-victim relations, techniques employed in the crime, and spatial or temporal features of the lawbreaking activity. By contrast, person-centered typologies assign individuals to role careers, syndromes, criminal roles, and other social and behavioral categories on the basis of similarities on their part in criminal involvement, attitudes, personality patterns, and other presumably relevant characteristics.
In short, crime-centered classifications seek to identify distinct forms of crime, while criminal-centered endeavors search for relatively distinct patterns or types into which real-life offenders can be sorted. Perhaps criminologists will ultimately identity a number of distinct crime forms and a collection of offender types as well. Or it may turn out that distinct patterns of lawbreaking can be identified, but persons who specialize in them may rarely be encountered. For example, while residential burglaries may follow a common pattern (occurring most often during daylight hours, etc.), few if any 'burglars' who specialize in that form of crime may exist. Finally, it is possible that there are no distinct forms of crime or types of offenders.
Criteria for criminal typologiesClassification systems (taxonomies) identify the set of categories into which instances of a given phenomenon can be placed. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test is a familiar single-variable classification system: it permits the assignment of any human population to intelligence groups ranged along a scale. Populations of offenders have often been sorted into intelligence levels on the basis of this or other intelligence tests by correctional officials. A multivariate classification might sort individuals according to income, educational attainment, and intelligence; the classification scheme would include all the logically possible combinations of these three variables. In similar fashion, a multivariate system could assign lawbreakers to types defined by age, intelligence score, and current charged offense.
In both of these illustrations, some of the groupings might be unpopulated, that is, no actual cases would fall within them —there may be no child molesters who are under twenty-five years of age or who have relatively high intelligence scores, even though the classification included such a pattern.Typologies are a special kind of taxonomy in that they involve truth claims. Typologies identify groupings assumed to exist in the real world;thus, the category of youthful and intelligent child molesters noted above might be excluded from a typology constructed by a criminologist because he or she considered this pattern to be rare or nonexistent among actual offenders.In order to be useful in causal inquiry or correctional intervention, typologies must meet several requirements. First, a typology must be sufficiently detailed and clear so that offenders can be reliably assigned to its categories. A second requirement is that the typology identify mutually exclusive types, so that actual offenders fall into only one slot. A third criterion is parsimony, that is, a relative limit in the number of types. Finally, typologies must be empirically congruent; that is, the typological description should closely fit the individuals in a given type, and the population under scrutiny should largely fall within the typology without a residual category of unclassified cases.Typological schemes in criminology often fail to meet these four criteria, as the following review of person-centered classifications demonstrates. Offender typologies.
Criminologists have developed typologies of both adult and juvenile offenders. Some schemes rest on psychological criteria, whereas others use patterns of behavior common in correctional institutions to establish criminal types; sociological approaches emphasize individual criminal activities, personal attitudes, self-concepts, group relations, and similar variables. Examples of these approaches follow.Psychological typologies. Psychiatrist Richard Jenkins and sociologist Lester Hewitt put forth an influential psychological typology of juvenile offenders many years ago. They examined youths in a child guidance clinic and concluded that delinquents fall into two groups: pseudosocial boys and unsocialized aggressive youths.
The former were psychologically normal youngsters who were responding to antisocial conditions in their local communities, while the latter were asocial, violent juveniles who had suffered severe parental rejection.A more recent and well-known psychological typology of offenders is Marguerite Warren's Interpersonal Maturity Levels (I-Levels) description of delinquents. Warren hypothesized that children become well-adjusted social beings by passing successfully through seven stages, from infantile dependence to adult maturity and interpersonal competence. Some individuals fail to attain the highest levels of personal development: their development stops at an intermediate stage, and they consequently behave in relatively immature ways. According to Warren, juvenile delinquents are usually found in three of the lowest levels of maturity. For example, some are easily led by peers into misbehavior, whereas others have great difficulty conforming to reasonable demands of authority figures.
The I-Levels model is faulty in some respects (Gibbons, 1970). For example, Warren did not adequately compare nondelinquents with offenders in terms of interpersonal competence. Moreover, the validity of the scheme is suspect. Investigators have tried to assign delinquents to Warren's typology through the use of personality tests or inventories, but have generally failed to obtain results consistent with I-Levels diagnoses based on clinical judgment.Another psychological typology rests on felons' scores (Megargee et al.). This typology can be useful in correctional programs, but many nonoffenders would probably exhibit psychological profiles similar to those that have been found among prisoners.Finally, a number of psychiatrists have drawn upon their clinical experiences with offenders to create less formal typologies of lawbreakers. These descriptive typologies of murderers, sex offenders, and other kinds of criminals usually emphasize forms of psychological maladjustment that are said to differentiate criminal types.Inmate social role typologies. Existential types noted among inmates of both juvenile correctional institutions and adult facilities have sometimes served as the basis of offender typologies.
Proponents of this approach argue that these types parallel behavior patterns among lawbreakers at large.In this tradition, Clarence Schrag reported that male prisoners are labeled in inmate argot as 'square Johns,' 'right guys,' 'outlaws,' or 'politicians,' according to the nature of their relationships with fellow prisoners (pp. Loyalty to other inmates is the decisive variable: thus, the 'right guy' is faithful to his peers and hostile toward guards and other authority figures, whereas the 'square John' is an alien in the convict social system. Schrag also contended that the criminal records and other characteristics of prisoners vary predictably with their position in the inmate role system. In fact, however, there is only a relatively loose fit between this inmate typology and the real world. Peter Garabedian conducted research in the same prison from which Schrag's conclusions were derived. Garabedian assigned inmates to role types on the basis of their responses to an attitude questionnaire containing statements designed to reflect social roles. Significantly, he found that about one-third of the sample was unclassifiable through this procedure and that the correlations between offender characteristics and social roles were relatively weak.Robert Leger studied inmate social categories as well.
Using Garabedian's attitude questionnaire to identify inmate role types, Leger asked prisoners to indicate their own type. Additionally, he queried guards concerning prisoner roles, and included social background information on inmates as another measure of role. These techniques did not consistently assign particular individuals to a single type, nor did they agree on the total number of prisoners within each role.Sociological typologies. The state and federal criminal codes represent a typology into which lawbreakers might be placed. For example, offenders could be classified on the basis of the crime with which they are currently charged. However, criminal codes do not meet the parsimony criterion; in addition, offenders violate different laws over time, which challenges the requirement of mutual exclusivity.
Sociological criminologists have attempted to overcome such problems with legal codes by developing offender typologies that assign persons who engage in similar collections of offenses to particular criminal behavior systems, role careers, or criminal behavior patterns. Typological efforts have also sought to discover offender groupings whose members share social background factors and causal experiences. In short, criminologists have tried to identify sociologically meaningful types.One of these sociological typologies was constructed by Marshall Clinard and Richard Quinney, who used both offense-and person-centered criteria to define nine criminal behavior systems, including those involving violent personal criminal behavior, public-order criminal behavior, and occasional property criminal behavior (pp. They also discussed the criminal careers of offenders who fell into these groupings, implying that individuals in fact specialize to some degree.Daniel Glaser has also offered a typological description of offenders. He identified ten offender patterns delimited by 'offense descriptive variables' and 'career commitment variables.' Among his types, the 'adolescent recapitulator' engages in an assortment of offenses; his criminality reflects a failure to assume a stable adult role.
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Glaser's 'vocational predators' pursue crime as a livelihood. In this typology, drug addicts constitute another category, that of 'addicted performers' (pp. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites. Modern Language AssociationThe Chicago Manual of StyleAmerican Psychological AssociationNotes:.Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers.
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A list of 48 famous and well known individuals that possess the ENTJ personality traits. Possessing strong extroverted thinking with introverted intuition, the ENTJ has a talent for address social justice issues and generally approach life with an awareness of differences that exist between one another. ENTJ’s are typically dressed better than average as a tactical maneuver with commanding respect and as a luxury from the fact that they tend to make more money than most. Interesting enough, ENTJ’s have some of the lowest stress types and some of the highest grades in school.
They are also the one type with the highest college retention rate. Commonly enough, they ENTJ’s have the highest job satisfaction rate over all other personality types. AdeleAdolf HitlerAl GoreAlexander HamiltonAngela MerkelAristotleBill GatesCarl SaganCharlize TheronCobie SmuldersDavid LettermanDick CheneyDonald TrumpEdward TellerFranklin D. RooseveltGeorge ClooneyHannibalHarrison FordHillary ClintonJack WelchJerry SeinfeldJim CarreyJoseph StalinJulius CaesarKarl RoveKatharine HepburnMadeleine AlbrightMargaret ThatcherMatt DamonNancy PelosiNapoleon BonaparteNewt GingrichOskar SchindlerPeter ThielRahm EmanuelRichard NixonRush LimbaughSean ConnerySigourney WeaverSimon CowellSteve JobsSteve MartinTea LeoniTony RobbinsVladimir PutinWarren BuffettWhoopi GoldbergWinston ChurchillA special thanks to for listing out some great famous ENTJs. Infographic of the Meaning of ColorsThe below infographic outlines the meaning of colors and traits associated with wearing each color.
When wearing these colors, the traits of the ENTJ become more prominent with what they are expressing.